References
References for the FAQ
What is a language? What is a dialect?
Finegan, E. (2008). Language: Its Structure and Use (5th ed.). Boston: Thomson Wadswort.
How do dialects develop?
Finegan, E. (2008). Language: Its Structure and Use (5th ed.). Boston: Thomson Wadswort.
Schreier, D. & Hundt, M. (2012). English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wolfram, W. (2001). From the brickhouse to the swamp. American Language Review, 5 (3), pp. 34-48.
Wolfram, W. & Schilling, N. (2016). American English: Dialects and Variation (3rd ed.). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
From a linguistic point of view, can we divide the different Englishes, or is English always English?
Bolton, K. (2009). Varieties of World Englishes. In B. Kachru, Y. Kachru & C. L. Nelson (Eds.), The Handbook of World Englishes (pp. 289-312). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
Kollenrott, A. I. (2007). Sichtweisen auf deutsch-englisch bilingualen Geschichtsunterricht: Eine empirische Studie mit Fokus auf interkulturelles Lernen. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
How much influence does English have worldwide?
Crystal, D. (2003). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Filipović, R. (1996). English as a word donor to other languages of Europe. In R. Hartmann (Ed.), The English Language in Europe (pp. 37-46). Oxford: Intellect.
Kachru, B. Englishization and Contact Linguistics. In K. Bolton & B. Kachru (Eds.), World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Volume IV (pp. 253-277). London/New York: Routledge.
Smith, L. E. (2006). Spread of English and issues of intelligibility. In K. Bolton & B. Kachru (Eds.), World Englishes: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Volume IV (pp. 68-83). London/New York: Routledge.
Is World Englishes a specialist term?
Bolton, K. (2009a). World Englishes Today. In B. Kachru, Y. Kachru & C. L. Nelson (Eds.), The Handbook of World Englishes (pp. 240-270). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
Bolton, K. (2009b). Varieties of World Englishes. In B. Kachru, Y. Kachru & C. L. Nelson (Eds.), The Handbook of World Englishes (pp. 289-312). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
Jenkins, J. (2003). World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. London/New York: Routledge.
Are World Englishes used in advertising campaigns?
Bhatia, T. K. (2009). World Englishes in global advertising. In B. Kachru, Y. Kachru & C. L. Nelson (Eds.), The Handbook of World Englishes (pp. 601-619). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
Who speaks English?
Crystal, D. (2008). Two thousand million? English Today: The International Review of the English Language 24 (1), pp. 3-6.
Jenkins, J. (2003). World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. London/New York: Routledge.
Rubinstein, M. (2014). American English Compendium: A Portable Guide to the Idiosyncrasies, Subtleties, Technical Lingo, and Nooks and Crannies of American English (4th ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Rupp, A. A. (2008). Developing Standards-Based Assessment Tasks for English as a First Foreign Language: Context, Processes, and Outcomes in Germany. Volume I. Münster: Waxmann Verlag.
Why do languages borrow words from other languages?
Barber, C. L., Beal J. C. & Shaw, P. A. (2009). The English Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Durkin, P. (2014). Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Van Gelderen, E. (2014). A History of the English Language (revised ed.). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Wright, L. (2013). The contact origins of Standard English. In M. Hundt & D. Schreier (Eds.), English as a Contact Language (pp. 58-74). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Is it possible to count all languages in the world?
Finegan, E. (2008). Language: Its Structure and Use (5th ed.). Boston: Thomson Wadswort.
Are there varieties within a variety?
Kövecses, Z. (2000). American English: An Introduction. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press.
Stuart-Smith, J. (2004). Scottish English: Phonology. In B. Kortmann & E. W. Schneider (Eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English. Volume I: Phonology (pp. 47-67). Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Stuart-Smith, J. (2008). Scottish English: Phonology. In B. Kortmann, E. W. Schneider, K. Burridge & R. Mesthrie (Eds.), Varieties of English. Volume 1: The British Isles (pp. 48-70). Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Wells, J. C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Do American and British English speakers always understand each other?
Davies, C. (2005). Divided by a Common Language: A Guide to British and American English. Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Kövecses, Z. (2000). American English: An Introduction. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press.
Svartvik, J. & Leech, G. (2010). English: One Tongue, Many Voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
References for the glossary
Acrolect, Mesolect and Basilect
Holm, J. (1988). Pidgins and Creoles. Volume 1: Theory and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Creoles
Winford, D. (2003). An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
Lingua Franca
Seidlhofer, B. (2005). English as a Lingua Franca. ELT Journal 59 (4), pp. 339-341.
Pidgins
Winford, D. (2003). An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
Rhoticity
Minkova, D. (2014). A Historical Phonology of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Standard variety
Finegan, E. (2008). Language. Its Structure and Use. Fifth Edition. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth.
References for the photo material
ChuaYT. (2010). Kachru's Three Circles of English. Wikimedia. Accessed 31 July 2017.
<https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AKachru's_three_circles_of_English.jpg>
Menegaz, F. & Fitzgerald, P. (2009). World map percentage English speakers by country. Wikimedia. Accessed 31 July 2017. <https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_map_percentage_english_speakers_by_country.svg>
